Characteristics of Health Information and Digitalization

Which of the following is not an appropriate goal or expected benefit of digitalization (IT adoption) in healthcare?

1. Improving the quality of care and patient services
2. Improving patient safety and preventing medical accidents
3. Making daily work more effective and efficient and reducing staff workload
4. Transferring physicians' responsibility for diagnosis to the system

Which of the following gives the correct order in which hospital information systems developed in Japan?

1. Order entry system → medical billing and accounting system → electronic medical record system
2. Medical billing and accounting system → order entry system → electronic medical record system
3. Medical billing and accounting system → electronic medical record system → order entry system
4. Electronic medical record system → medical billing and accounting system → order entry system

Which set gives the 3 conditions required for electronic storage of medical records by the 1999 government notice?

1. Accuracy, completeness, and traceability
2. Authenticity, confidentiality, and availability
3. Authenticity, legibility, and preservability
4. Confidentiality, integrity, and availability

Among the challenges of healthcare digitalization, which of the following is a "human resource" challenge?

1. Establishing alternative operating procedures for system failures
2. Lack of interoperability for exchanging information between systems
3. The burden of system implementation and maintenance costs
4. Shortage and training of personnel knowledgeable in health informatics

Which is an appropriate description of the Data Health Reform (データヘルス改革)?

1. A framework for private insurance companies to develop insurance products according to each subscriber's health condition
2. A standard established to control quality in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes
3. A program funded independently by municipalities to build new buildings and medical equipment for local healthcare institutions
4. An initiative promoted by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare to build data utilization platforms in health, medical care, and long-term care, and to promote PHRs

Which of the following is not one of the 3 pillars of the "Medical DX Reiwa Vision 2030" (医療DX令和ビジョン2030)?

1. Creation of a nationwide health information platform
2. DX of medical fee schedule revisions
3. Digitization of physician licenses
4. Standardization of electronic medical record information

Which is an appropriate description of online eligibility verification (オンライン資格確認)?

1. A mechanism for checking online whether hospital beds are available at local healthcare institutions
2. A mechanism for verifying the qualifications of technicians who maintain medical equipment
3. A mechanism for verifying the validity of physicians' and nurses' licenses online
4. A mechanism for verifying a patient's health insurance eligibility online using the My Number card or similar means

Which is an appropriate description of the electronic prescription (電子処方箋) system?

1. A mechanism that scans paper prescriptions into images and stores them together on an in-house server for later reference
2. A mechanism by which patients choose their own prescription drugs and order them from a pharmacy
3. A mechanism by which the government reviews and approves the manufacture and sale of pharmaceuticals
4. A mechanism that issues and manages prescriptions electronically and can be used to check for duplicate medications based on prescription and dispensing information from multiple facilities

Which is an appropriate description of the NDB (the National Database of health insurance claims and specific health checkups)?

1. A PHR service for individuals to manage their own checkup results and medication records
2. A database in which the national government collects nationwide health insurance claim data and specific health checkup data, used for planning and evaluating health policy
3. A national database that registers only cancer cases nationwide to track incidence and survival
4. A data warehouse built inside a single hospital for management analysis

Which of the following medical information is subjective information?

1. Measured values from a blood test
2. Measured body temperature
3. Pain reported by the patient
4. X-ray images

Which of the following clinical data is waveform information?

1. CT images
2. Electrocardiogram
3. Free-text entries in the medical record
4. Disease name codes

Which is an appropriate description of "high sensitivity" as a characteristic of clinical information?

1. It means information is accumulated continuously along the course of care
2. It means information takes diverse forms such as numbers, text, and images
3. It means the degree to which people do not want others to know it is high, and the harm to the individual if it leaks is large
4. It means the volume of data is large because it includes images, requiring large-capacity storage devices

Which is an appropriate description of the "layered structure of content" of clinical information?

1. The retention period of records is prescribed by law
2. Records are accumulated continuously along the course of care and build up over a long period
3. Interpretations such as findings and diagnoses are layered on top of records of facts such as test values
4. The degree to which people do not want others to know it is high, requiring careful handling

What is the retention period for medical records (shinryōroku) under the Medical Practitioners Act (医師法)?

1. 5 years
2. 2 years
3. 1 year
4. 3 years

Which of the following is a primary use of medical information?

1. Use in medical research to compile and present case reports
2. Referring to a patient's test results for the purpose of care
3. Use by national and local governments in planning health policy
4. Use in hospital management analysis and cost accounting

Which of the following is a secondary use of medical information?

1. Referring to a patient's medication history for prescription review
2. Referring to past test results and images during a consultation
3. Preparing a medical certificate at discharge
4. Using case information for medical education

Which is an appropriate description of an EHR (Electronic Health Record)?

1. A record of the maintenance and repair history of medical devices used within the hospital
2. A record of staff working hours and leave taken
3. A record that digitizes and stores only a hospital's internal billing and accounting work
4. An electronic health record for sharing and using an individual's clinical and health information across the boundaries of healthcare institutions

Which is an appropriate description of a PHR (Personal Health Record)?

1. Data collected and managed by pharmaceutical companies for clinical trials
2. A mechanism by which individuals collect and manage their own health and medical information and use it for managing their health
3. A per-patient clinical record used only within a healthcare institution
4. Statistical data collected by the national government from healthcare institutions nationwide for planning and evaluating health policy

Which is an appropriate description of privacy?

1. Information itself that can identify a specific individual, such as name, date of birth, and address
2. Management information held by a healthcare institution, such as finances and staffing
3. The right not to have one's private life disclosed without good reason, also understood as the right to control one's own information
4. The access rights granted when using an information system

Which of the following is not one of the basic principles of medical ethics?

1. Beneficence
2. Efficiency
3. Respect for autonomy
4. Justice

Which is ethically appropriate when using patient information obtained for care in research?

1. Because the information was obtained in care, it may be used freely for research
2. In principle, obtain the person's consent or take appropriate measures such as anonymization
3. Allow any hospital staff member to view it freely for research purposes
4. No consent at all, oral or written, is required for research use

Which of the following is appropriate behavior for a user of medical information?

1. Access patient information only within the scope necessary for one's work
2. Lend one's own ID and password to a colleague to enter data
3. View the medical records of a celebrity outside one's care out of curiosity
4. Post stories about patients learned at work anonymously on social media

Which of the following is not an appropriate duty of a medical information professional (system administrator)?

1. Freely view the medical records of patients of interest because one has administrator privileges
2. Use administrator privileges only within the scope of work purposes
3. Strive for safe and stable operation and management of the system
4. Maintain confidentiality of patient information learned at work even after leaving the job

Which of the following is an appropriate benefit of digitizing medical records?

1. Falsification of records becomes physically impossible, so countermeasures become unnecessary
2. Input errors no longer occur, so checking becomes unnecessary
3. Records become easier to search and aggregate, and can be viewed from multiple departments at the same time
4. Even if the system fails, records can always be viewed just as with paper

Which of the following is not an appropriate challenge accompanying the digitization of medical records?

1. Copy-and-paste entries can degrade the quality of records
2. Storage space for records increases greatly compared with paper charts
3. The cost burden of system implementation and upgrades is large
4. Procedures for continuing care during system failures must be established