Children's Diet and Nutrition

Among the five major nutrients, which combination is treated as the "energy-providing nutrients" in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2025 edition (日本人の食事摂取基準〔2025年版〕)? Choose one.

1. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins
2. Carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals
3. Fats, proteins and vitamins
4. Proteins, minerals and vitamins
5. Carbohydrates, fats and minerals

Which combination lists the fat-soluble vitamins? Choose one.

1. Vitamins B1, B2, C and D
2. Vitamins A, C, E and K
3. Vitamins A, D, E and K
4. Vitamins B6, B12, folate and D
5. Vitamins A, B1, C and K

Which describes the "recommended dietary allowance" (推奨量) in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2025 edition (日本人の食事摂取基準〔2025年版〕)? Choose one.

1. The estimated average requirement of a group, which meets the needs of half the people
2. The upper limit of habitual intake considered to carry no risk of health harm
3. The interim target amount for preventing lifestyle-related diseases
4. The amount estimated to meet the needs of almost everyone in a group (97–98%)
5. The amount considered sufficient to maintain a certain nutritional state when evidence is lacking

Choose the TWO correct statements about the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2025 edition (日本人の食事摂取基準〔2025年版〕).

1. Infants form a single age group of 0–11 months with no distinction by month.
2. Anyone with even one risk factor for lifestyle-related disease is completely excluded.
3. They cover healthy individuals and groups made up mainly of healthy people.
4. Physical activity levels are divided into three: "low", "moderate" and "high".
5. The estimated energy requirement is the main indicator for judging adults' energy balance.

In the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2025 edition (日本人の食事摂取基準〔2025年版〕), what is the estimated energy requirement for boys aged 3–5 (physical activity level "moderate")? Choose one.

1. 950 kcal/day
2. 900 kcal/day
3. 1,250 kcal/day
4. 1,300 kcal/day
5. 1,100 kcal/day

In the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2025 edition (日本人の食事摂取基準〔2025年版〕), what is the recommended dietary allowance of protein for children aged 1–2? Choose one.

1. 10 g/day
2. 15 g/day
3. 25 g/day
4. 30 g/day
5. 20 g/day

In the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2025 edition (日本人の食事摂取基準〔2025年版〕), what is the tentative dietary goal for fat (as a share of total energy) for children aged 1–2? Choose one.

1. 13–20% of energy
2. 20–30% of energy
3. 40% of energy
4. 50% of energy
5. 30–40% of energy

Choose the TWO correct statements about the functions of nutrients.

1. Dietary fibre is broken down well by digestive enzymes and is a main energy source.
2. Iron is a component of haemoglobin in red blood cells.
3. Vitamin C is fat-soluble and easily stored in the body.
4. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium.
5. The body can make any amount of protein, so it need not come from food.

In the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2025 edition (日本人の食事摂取基準〔2025年版〕), how is the adequate intake of protein for infants aged 0–5 months determined? Choose one.

1. It is calculated from the protein concentration of breast milk and the reference volume of milk intake.
2. It is calculated by scaling down the adult RDA by body weight.
3. It uses the average of the nutrition labels of commercial infant formula.
4. It uses the same value as for infants aged 6–11 months.
5. It is set at half of the tolerable upper intake level.

What is the method of raising an infant using both breast milk and infant formula called? Choose one.

1. Mixed feeding
2. Breastfeeding
3. Formula feeding
4. Complementary food
5. Toddler food

Which is listed in the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕) as a benefit of breastfeeding for the infant? Choose one.

1. It contains enough iron and vitamin D, so weaning can be delayed
2. Breastfed children never develop food allergies
3. It is heat-sterilised, so hygiene needs no attention
4. Its composition stays the same throughout the breastfeeding period
5. Lower incidence and severity of infections

Choose the TWO statements that match the approach to feeding support in the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕).

1. Feeding not only provides nutrition but also deepens the bond between mother/parent and child.
2. Families using infant formula are excluded from feeding support.
3. Follow-up formula is part of "infant formula" and is used as a breast-milk substitute.
4. Mothers do not need to avoid particular foods while breastfeeding to prevent allergies in the child.
5. Feeding times and frequency should always follow a fixed schedule rather than the child's needs.

Which is included in "infant formula" (育児用ミルク) as defined in the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕)? Choose one.

1. Liquid infant formula (乳児用調製液状乳)
2. Follow-up formula
3. Cow's milk
4. Soy milk
5. Electrolyte (ion) drinks

In the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2025 edition (日本人の食事摂取基準〔2025年版〕), what is the adequate intake of protein for infants aged 0–5 months? Choose one.

1. 5 g/day
2. 15 g/day
3. 20 g/day
4. 10 g/day
5. 25 g/day

According to the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕), which TWO nutrients tend to run short around 6 months of age in breastfed infants?

1. Sodium
2. Iron
3. Vitamin D
4. Fat
5. Carbohydrate

Which is a change made in the 2019 revision of the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド)? Choose one.

1. The start of weaning was delayed to around 8–9 months.
2. Information on infant formula was removed, and feeding methods other than breastfeeding are no longer covered.
3. Information on feeding and weaning is no longer provided during pregnancy.
4. Information was added on liquid infant formula (乳児用調製液状乳), which could be made and sold from 2018.
5. The age to start giving honey was brought forward to around 6 months.

In the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2025 edition (日本人の食事摂取基準〔2025年版〕), what is the estimated energy requirement for boys aged 0–5 months? Choose one.

1. 500 kcal/day
2. 550 kcal/day
3. 600 kcal/day
4. 650 kcal/day
5. 700 kcal/day

Which is listed in the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕) as a benefit of breastfeeding for the mother? Choose one.

1. A guarantee that she will not become pregnant while breastfeeding
2. No longer needing to pay attention to the amount or content of her meals
3. Her sleep time will always become longer
4. The baby will stop crying at night
5. Faster recovery of the mother's body after childbirth

In the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕), what counts as "the start of weaning"? Choose one.

1. The first time the infant is given fruit juice
2. When breast milk or infant formula is stopped
3. The first time the infant is given smoothly mashed food
4. When the infant starts eating three meals a day
5. The first time a spoon is put in the infant's mouth

According to the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕), when is it appropriate to start weaning? Choose one.

1. Around 2–3 months of age
2. Around 3–4 months of age
3. Around 7–8 months of age
4. Around 5–6 months of age
5. Around 9–11 months of age

Choose the TWO signs of readiness for starting weaning given in the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕).

1. All eight front teeth have come in.
2. The baby can drink formula at fixed times three times a day.
3. The neck is firmly steady, the baby can roll over and sit for 5 seconds or more.
4. The baby can bring food to the mouth with the hands.
5. The baby pushes a spoon out with the tongue less often.

In the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕), what texture is the guide for the middle stage of weaning (around 7–8 months)? Choose one.

1. Smoothly mashed
2. Soft enough to mash with the tongue
3. Soft enough to mash with the gums
4. Firm enough to chew with the gums
5. The same firmness as adult food

In the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕), how many meals a day is the guide for the late stage of weaning (around 9–11 months)? Choose one.

1. Once a day
2. Twice a day
3. Five a day
4. Three a day
5. No set number; breast milk only

Which describes "completion of weaning" in the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕)? Choose one.

1. The child no longer drinks any breast milk or formula; around 12 months.
2. The child can eat weaning food twice a day; around 9 months.
3. The child can mash solid food and get most energy and nutrients from foods other than milk; around 12–18 months.
4. The point when all eight front teeth have come in; around 10 months.
5. The child can eat the same food in the same amount as adults; around age 3.

Choose the TWO statements that match the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕).

1. Honey is not given until after age 1, to prevent infant botulism.
2. Cow's milk is best given as a drink from around 7 months.
3. Giving fruit juice before weaning starts has nutritional value.
4. Follow-up formula replaces breast milk, so every child needs it.
5. Eggs start with hard-boiled yolk and then move on to whole egg.

In the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕), what is the guide amount of grains per meal in the middle stage of weaning (around 7–8 months)? Choose one.

1. 50–80 g of whole-rice porridge
2. Mashed porridge starting from one spoonful
3. 90 g whole-rice porridge to 80 g soft rice
4. 90 g soft rice to 80 g ordinary rice
5. 120 g of ordinary rice

Which matches the Guide to Support Breastfeeding and Weaning, 2019 revision (授乳・離乳の支援ガイド〔2019年改定版〕) on weaning and food allergy? Choose one.

1. Delaying the start of weaning or of specific foods out of concern about allergy has no scientific evidence of preventing it.
2. Eggs, milk and wheat are removed for all children until age 1.
3. To prevent food allergy, weaning should start at 8 months or later.
4. If the mother avoids eggs during pregnancy, the child's food allergy can be prevented.
5. Children with eczema should have many foods removed at home without consulting a doctor.

In the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2025 edition (日本人の食事摂取基準〔2025年版〕), what is the estimated energy requirement for girls aged 1–2 (physical activity level "moderate")? Choose one.

1. 950 kcal/day
2. 700 kcal/day
3. 900 kcal/day
4. 1,250 kcal/day
5. 1,300 kcal/day

Which is the goal of food education (食育) at day care centers in the Guidelines for Nursery Care at Day Care Centers (保育所保育指針) (2017 notice)? Choose one.

1. To make children memorise the names and functions of nutrients accurately
2. To lay the foundation for developing the "ability to manage one's eating life" (食を営む力) as the basis of a healthy life
3. To make every child finish all of their school lunch
4. To have children learn the same cooking skills as adults
5. To develop the ability to calculate the nutritional value of foods

Choose the TWO statements that match Chapter 3, Section 2 "Promotion of food education" of the Guidelines for Nursery Care at Day Care Centers (保育所保育指針) (2017 notice).

1. Responses to children with food allergies are decided by the parents alone.
2. Food education is carried out only at centers that employ a dietitian.
3. Food education is completed inside the center, with no cooperation with parents or the community.
4. A food education plan, including meal provision, is made based on the overall plan, and evaluated and improved.
5. Care is given to the food-related environment, such as contact with cooks and the kitchen.

Which combination lists the five areas of food education in "Raising Children Who Enjoy Eating: Guidelines on Food Education at Day Care Centers" (楽しく食べる子どもに～保育所における食育に関する指針～, 2004)? Choose one.

1. Food and health / Food and economy / Food and culture / Growth of life and food / Cooking and food
2. Food and health / Food and relationships / Food and science / Growth of life and food / Cooking and food
3. Food and exercise / Food and relationships / Food and culture / Growth of life and food / Cooking and food
4. Food and health / Food and relationships / Food and culture / Growth of life and food / Cooking and food
5. Food and health / Food and relationships / Food and culture / Food and safety / Cooking and food

Choose the TWO "children we hope to raise" listed in "Raising Children Who Enjoy Eating: Guidelines on Food Education at Day Care Centers" (楽しく食べる子どもに, 2004).

1. Children who are never picky and always finish everything served
2. Children with a rhythm of getting hungry
3. Children who eat quietly without talking during meals
4. Children who can name all the nutrients
5. Children who talk about food

Which law is the basis for creating the national Basic Plan for the Promotion of Shokuiku (食育推進基本計画)? Choose one.

1. Health Promotion Act (健康増進法)
2. Child Welfare Act (児童福祉法)
3. Basic Act on Shokuiku (食育基本法)
4. School Lunch Act (学校給食法)
5. Maternal and Child Health Act (母子保健法)

Which consideration in meal provision is described in the Commentary on the Guidelines for Nursery Care at Day Care Centers (保育所保育指針解説)? Choose one.

1. Cut food to the same size and firmness for each age, regardless of individual differences.
2. Consider the type, amount, size and firmness of food and the utensils, according to the development of chewing and swallowing.
3. Feed children quickly so the meal ends within the set time.
4. Allow no fluids at all during meals so that food does not get stuck.
5. Keep feeding a sleepy child as planned.

Which is given as an example of food-related experiences in the Commentary on the Guidelines for Nursery Care at Day Care Centers (保育所保育指針解説)? Choose one.

1. The kitchen is dangerous, so children are given no chance to interact with cooks.
2. Through growing and harvesting vegetables, children notice that food grows with soil, rain, sunlight and so on.
3. Vegetables the children grew are never used in cooking activities, for hygiene reasons.
4. Events are kept separate from food education, and local food culture is not touched on.
5. Food experiences are only for the oldest children and are not done in infancy.

In light of the Guidelines for Nursery Care at Day Care Centers (保育所保育指針) and its commentary, which describes a day care center's food education plan correctly? Choose one.

1. It is based on the overall plan, linked to the teaching plans, and kept consistent across all ages.
2. It is made by the dietitian alone, separately from the overall plan, with no involvement of childcare workers.
3. It only needs to cover the 5-year-old class.
4. Making it is enough; no evaluation or improvement is needed.
5. The school lunch menu itself is treated as the food education plan.

Which is one of the basic principles in the Guidelines for Allergy Management at Day Care Centers, 2019 revision (保育所におけるアレルギー対応ガイドライン〔2019年改訂版〕)? Choose one.

1. If the parents request it, foods are removed even without a doctor's diagnosis.
2. The homeroom childcare worker decides the response alone.
3. Foods to remove are chosen according to the child's likes and dislikes.
4. The response is worked out only after symptoms appear.
5. In responding to food allergies, priority is given to ensuring safety and security.

Which correctly describes the guidance form for daily life management (生活管理指導表) in the Guidelines for Allergy Management at Day Care Centers, 2019 revision (保育所におけるアレルギー対応ガイドライン〔2019年改訂版〕)? Choose one.

1. It is filled in by a childcare worker, and no doctor's confirmation is needed.
2. Once submitted at enrolment, it never needs to be reviewed.
3. It is filled in by a doctor, is required to apply for food removal, and is resubmitted at least once a year according to the child's condition.
4. It need not be submitted if the parents explain verbally.
5. Every child, including those without food allergies, submits one every month.

In the Guidelines for Allergy Management at Day Care Centers, 2019 revision (保育所におけるアレルギー対応ガイドライン〔2019年改訂版〕), what is the approach to food removal in day care center meals? Choose one.

1. The basic approach is to adjust amounts finely at the center to match what the child eats little by little at home.
2. It is preferable to start with one of two extremes: "complete removal" or "lifting the removal".
3. Childcare workers decide each day whether to remove a food based on the child's condition.
4. The causative food must always be removed completely, even when only a tiny amount is in seasonings.
5. Removal is lifted immediately when the parents say so verbally.

According to the Guidelines for Allergy Management at Day Care Centers, 2019 revision (保育所におけるアレルギー対応ガイドライン〔2019年改訂版〕), which combination lists the top three foods causing food allergy? Choose one.

1. Buckwheat, peanuts and shrimp
2. Soybeans, sesame and fish roe
3. Hen's egg, cow's milk and wheat
4. Cow's milk, soybeans and rice
5. Wheat, buckwheat and kiwifruit

How does the Guidelines for Allergy Management at Day Care Centers, 2019 revision (保育所におけるアレルギー対応ガイドライン〔2019年改訂版〕) describe "anaphylaxis"? Choose one.

1. Hives appearing in just one spot on the skin
2. Only eczema appearing several days after eating the causative food
3. Refusing to eat a particular food out of dislike
4. Becoming sleepy and dazed after a meal
5. Symptoms of the skin, digestive system, respiratory system, etc. appearing suddenly and at the same time

According to the Guidelines for Allergy Management at Day Care Centers, 2019 revision (保育所におけるアレルギー対応ガイドライン〔2019年改訂版〕), which TWO symptoms call for emergency action, such as using an EpiPen® or calling an ambulance, if even one is seen?

1. Vomiting repeatedly.
2. Slight redness around the mouth with no other symptoms.
3. Wheezing and difficulty breathing.
4. Playing happily after the meal.
5. Eating slightly less than usual.

How does the Guidelines for Allergy Management at Day Care Centers, 2019 revision (保育所におけるアレルギー対応ガイドライン〔2019年改訂版〕) treat the use of an EpiPen®? Choose one.

1. Day care staff cannot inject it, so they wait until the parents arrive.
2. Only the center's nurse may inject it.
3. If symptoms settle after the injection, there is no need to see a doctor.
4. It must not be injected until several urgent symptoms are present together.
5. Day care staff on the spot may inject it on behalf of a child who cannot self-inject, and the child is then taken to hospital promptly.

Which matches the approach to preventing accidental ingestion in the Guidelines for Allergy Management at Day Care Centers, 2019 revision (保育所におけるアレルギー対応ガイドライン〔2019年改訂版〕)? Choose one.

1. The main cause is human error such as serving mistakes, prevented by meal cards and double or triple checks.
2. The main cause is a lack of cooking utensils, so with more utensils, checks become unnecessary.
3. Information about children with allergies is not shared with staff other than the homeroom worker.
4. Serving is left to one person, and other staff are not involved in checking.
5. The menu is made complex, with as many types of removal meals as possible.

How does the Guidelines for Allergy Management at Day Care Centers, 2019 revision (保育所におけるアレルギー対応ガイドライン〔2019年改訂版〕) handle foods a child eats for the first time? Choose one.

1. They are given first at the center to check for allergies.
2. They are served at the center only after it is confirmed at home that the child can eat them safely.
3. Small amounts may be served at lunch without checking.
4. Childcare workers decide to try them at snack time.
5. Regardless of age, new foods are not served until age 3.